Traditionally thought to go backto Plato, they comprised the intellectual disciples considered suitable ornecessaryto a complete education, and included grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy. During the Middles Ages and the Renaissance, they were often represented allegorically in painting, engravings, and sculpture. (Janson, 1997) Distinct from the mechanical arts which could only be mastered throughmanual labor. (Kremer, 2025)
