marginalizing the poor
Planners had control over the directions in which people could move, and the spaces they would occupy. Their thinking was guided by explicit concepts, described in publications for planning professionals, of hiding and marginalizing the poor. Their tools included using highways, massive buildings, parking lots, and open space as barriers; eliminating connecting streets to inhibit travel in and out; and housing people in public housing projects that were cut off from the flow of the city. (Fullilove, 2004, 64)