Military architecture, e.g. castles, city walls, and fortifications. 2. Architecture that looks inwards, giving protection from hostile urban environments… Photo from Jamestown, Virginia, 2017. 3. A style that architect and urbanist Jose Camilo Vergara identified, which flourished in the crack area. Buildings are ringed with ribbon wire, surrounded by fences, or built with blank walls at the street level… Buildings are both bleak and hostile, fortresses against the community, rather than citizens within it. (Fullilove, 2013, 173)
Example of anti-sit spikes, defensive architecture, or hostile architecture from Manhattan, New York City, New York, 2023.
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