- build
- architectural styles
- design
- place
- time
- Neolithic
- New Stone Age (8000 to 3000 B.C.)
- food gathering
- Megalithic structures
- large stones
- animal skins
- wooden frames and bones
- cardinal points
- menhir
- monoliths
- upright monolith,
- parallel rows
- dolmens
- covering slab
- trilithon
- vertical stones
- horizontal stone
- cromlech: A circle of monoliths / trilithons; enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form (Most imposing example: Stonehenge, England – 2000 B.C.)
- tumulus
- passage grave
- mound of earth
- tomb
- sepulchral chamber
- primitive dwellings
- natural caves
- artificial caves
- beehive hut
- trullo
- wigwam or tepee Hogan
- Igloo
- Egyptian architecture
- pharaoh
- king
- earth
- Ancient Kingdom
- Old Kingdom
- The Middle Kingdom: Dynasties XI-XVII
- The New Empire: Dynasties XVIII-XXX
- nature
- immortality
- mummification
- tomb
- eternal dwelling
- Nile River
- alluvial soil
- timber
- clay
- brick
- stone
- limestone
- granite
- alabaster
- architectural work
- brilliant sunshine
- simplicity in design
- monumental
- tomb architecture
- temple architecture
- obelisks
- mastaba
- mortuary temples
- cult temples
- columnar
- trabeated
- lotus
- papyrus
- palm capitals
- square pillar
- polygonal column
- palm-type column
- bud-and-bell column
- Foliated capital column
- Hathor-headed column
- Osiris pillars
- flat roofs
- massive walls
- hieroglyphics
- batter wall: diminishing in width towards the top
- 3.2.6. OPENING
- No windows; skylights; roof slits; clerestories
- 3.2.7. DECORATION
- “Gorge” or “hollow and roll” mouldings Hieroglyphics
- Sphinxes
- Solar disc and vulture with spread wings
- Scarab – symbol of resurrection Papyrus, lotus and palm symbolizing fertility
- Grapes symbolizes eternity
- cardinal points
- mastabas: Arabic for “bench”
- subterranean tomb chamber
- vertical shaft
- false door
- Ka
- serdab
- sepulchral monument
- square base
- apex
- step
- slope
- bend
- pyramids
- rock-cut tombs
- rock hewn tombs
- nobility
- royalty
- pylons: Monumental gateway to temples, usually composed of two masses of masonry with sloping sides flanking the entrance portal.
- obelisks: Tall tapering shaft of stone, usually granite, monolithic, square in plan with an electrum-capped pyramidion on top symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis Came in pairs fronting temple entrances. Height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base with four sides featuring Hieroglyphics.
- mortuary temples: In honor of pharaohs.
- cult temples: In honor of god.
- rock-cut temple
- rock-cut
- colossal statues
- Ramses
- Near East architecture
- Mesopotamian
- Babylonian
- Chaldean
- Assyrian
- Persian
- Arabian Peninsula
- grasslands
- steppes
- river plains
- Fertile Crescent
- nature gods
- god of the city
- Early Mesopotamian architecture
- Mesopotamia
- arcuated
- cardinal points
- ziggurats: Rough pyramidal structures consisting of stages, each succeeding stage stepped back from the one beneath. It supports an altar or temple.
“artificial mountains” of tiered rectangular stages with temple at summit. - sun-dried
- baked brick
- bitumen
- massive base
- upper stage
- pedestal
- shrine
- ramp-like stairways
- Assyrian architecture
- winged-bulls
- chief portals
- glazed bricks
- relief sculpture
- murals
- Persian architecture
- fire–temples
- palace platforms
- megaron
- Anatolian house: entrance at end rather than on the long sides.
- columned portico
- entrance
- vestibule
- palaces
- Darius
- Hall of Hundred Columns
- polygonal wall
- Hellenic
- Greek architecture
- Minoan: flourished in Crete.
- Mycenaean
- Minoan architecture
- Mycenean architecture
- Ancient Greek architecture
- Archaic Greek architecture
- Classical Greek architecture
- Late Classical Greek architecture
- Hellenistic architecture
- Cyclopean wall
- Minoan architecture
- megaron: single-storeyed house of deep plan, columned entrance porch, anteroom with central doorway, living apartment or megaron proper, central hearth, columns supporting roof , thalamus, or sleeping room behind.
- nature worship
- religious rites
- sacred games
- ritual dances
- sacrifices
- capital
- square abacus
- circular bulbous echinus
- cyclopean wall
- large stones
- no mortar
- clay bedding
- Mycenean architecture
- bee-hive tomb: a bee-hive shaped type of subterranean tomb constructed as a corbelled vault and found on pre-historic Greek sites.
- Treasury of Atreus: The best preserved “beehive tomb.” Built into a hill and approached by a long passage, the dromos, leading to the beehive shape round tomb chamber, tholos.
- Ancient Greek Architecture
- Hellenic
- religious architecture
- carpentry in marble
- timber forms imitated in stone
- columnar
- trabeated
- columniation
- stone columns
- Greek order: Capital, base, column shaft, horizontal entablature (architrave, frieze, cornice)
- Doric
- Ionic
- Corinthian
- sculpture
- mural painting
- entasis: slight bulge given to a column to correct the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle
- Hellenistic
- Roman building types
- symmetrical
- Greek orders
- clerestory: between roof and upper wall
- skylight: made of thin translucent marble
- temple door
- mouldings: In architecture, a continuous narrow surface either projecting or recessed, plain or ornamented, whose purpose is to break up a surface, to accent, or to decorate by means of the light and shade it produces.
- cyma recta
- cyma reversa
- ogee
- ovolo
- fillet
- cavetto
- scotia
- astragal
- bead
- torus
- bird’s beak
- doors oriented towards east
- temenos: a sacred enclosure, sanctuary, or sacred precinct at an established cult centre, sometimes it incorporates many buildings. Acropolis at Athens is the best example of a temenos.
- Athenian acropolis in the 5th century B.C.
- Foremost among world –famous building sites
- 10 structures:
- Propylaea – the entrance gateway to an enclosure (usually temple precincts) as on the Acropolis, Athens Pinacotheca – building containing gallery of painted pictures
- Statue of Athena
- Promachos
- Erectheion (group of buildings)
- Parthenon
- Nike Apteros
- Athena
- stoa
- odeon
- colonnade
- peristyle
- porch
- pronaos: a three walled room opening into the cella.
- cella
- naos: where the statue of the god or goddess was placed.
- rear porch
- opisthodomos
- epinaos: is a false porch behind the cella, often added for reasons of symmetry. Its place might alternatively be occupied by an enclosed adytum (treasure room, sometimes interpreted as a “holy of holies.”
- stereobate: the lower two steps of the stepped foundation of a Greek temple (known as the crepidoma).
- crepidoma: the platform of, usually, three levels upon which the superstructure of the building is erected
- stylobate: The upper step of the base of a Greek temple, which forms a platform for the columns
- pteroma: the enclosed space of a portico, peristyle, or stoa, generally behind a screen of columns.
- Greek temple plan
- distyle
- tetrastyle
- Vitruvius
- hexastyle
- octastyle
- decastyle
- in-antis: between anta and the front
- amphi-antis: at front and rear
- prostyle: portico at front
- amphi-prostyle: porticoes at front and rear
- peripteral: on all sides
- pseudo-peripteral: flanking columns attached to naos
- dipteral: double line of columns surrounding naos
- pseudo-dipteral: like dipteral, but inner columns omitted on flanks on naos.
- Doric temples
- Doric column: stands without base directly on stylobate; simplest. Had a timber origin.
- Parthenon
- Phidias
- Ictinos
- Callicrates
- Ionic temples
- Ionic column: remarkable for its volute and scroll capital; derived from Egyptian lotus and Aegean art; most elegant; slender than Doric.
- architrave
- frieze
- cornice
- Ionic building
- Athenian hero
- caryatid: A female figure that functions as a supporting column
- Corinthian temples
- Corinthian column: Base and shaft resembling the Ionic; more slender
- capital: much deeper than Ionic; 1 & 1/6 diameter high; designed by Callimachus, inspired by basket surrounded by acanthus leaves over the grave of a Corinthian maiden
- entablature: same as Ionic with architrave, frieze, cornice.
- Monument of Lysicrates
- theaters: An open-air structure in the form of a segment of a circle, frequently excavated from a hillside, with the seats arranged in tiers behind and above one another
- orchestra: the circular space in front of the stage in a theater, where the chorus stood
- theatron: (Greek: viewing-place) Alternate name koilon. Originally referred to the audience space of the Greek theatre, but later became synonymous with the entire auditorium consisting of the spaces for both the audience as well as the performance; corresponds to Roman cavea.
- skene: (Greek: tent) Building behind the orchestra originally used for storage but provided a convenient backing for performances; corresponds to the Roman scaena or scaenae
- parodos: (Greek; A passageway ;pl. parodoi) Side entrance into the orchestra of a Greek theater (one on each side); the space between the audience seating and the skene building; primary entrance/exit for the chorus and used by audience for entrance and exit from theatre; also the song sung by chorus as it first enters the orchestra.
- paracenia: projecting wall/wing at end of skene
- procenium: in front of skene, used as speaking place or locelon
- episcenium: Raised background to the 2-storey skene building
- diazoma: (Greek; pl. diazomata) Horizontal walkway separating upper and lower sections of theatron (Latin cavea ) seating; passages or aisles in Greek theatres concentric with the outer wall; corresponds to Roman praecinctio
- Greek theater plan
- Theater of Epidaurus: Designed by Polycleitos, most beautiful Greek theater.
- propylaea
- AGORA: An open square space used for public meetings or business/social life STOA: covered walkways or porticos, commonly for public usage
- PRYTANEION: Senate house, used for entertaining distinguished visitors and citizens
- BOULEUTERION: Council house with banked seats facing inwards
- ODEION: building similar to theater used for musical performance in Sparta, built in the 7th or 6th century B.C.
- STADIUM: foot race course HIPPODROME: course provided by the Greeks for horse racing and chariot racing
- PALAESTRA: Wrestling school GYMNASIUM: functioned as a training facility for competitors in public games and all types of physical exercises
- TOMBS: The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos Most famous of all tombs, one of seven wonders of ancient world; for king Mausolos from his widow Artemisia.
- Roman architecture
- Etruscan: (750 – 146 B.C.)
- Roman: (146 – 365 A.D.)
- Roman mythology
- Greek gods
- Etruscan architecture
- radiating arch
- stone
- tufa
- peperino
- travertine
- lava stone
- sand
- gravel
- terra cotta
- bricks
- concrete
- stone rubble
- brick rubble
- mortar
- pozzolana: a thick volcanic earth material
- city planning: two main streets—the cardo (north–south) and the decumanus (east-west)—a grid of smaller streets dividing the town into blocks, and a wall circuit with gates.
- tombs: existed in great numbers outside city walls in special necropolis sites
- Cloaca Maxima
- economic use of materials
- Greek orders of architecture
- columnar
- trabeated
- arch and vault system
- columns
- beam
- arch
- keystone: the central stone of an arch or rib vault; sometimes carved IMPOST – a member in the wall, usually formed of a projecting bracket-like moulding, on which the end of an arch rests
- voussoirs: wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch
- extrados: the outside curve of an arch
- intrados: the interior curve of an arch taken from the inside of the voussoirs
- springer: the lowest voussoir on each side of an arch, where the vertical support for the arch terminates and the curve of the arch begins.
- marble
- white concrete
- vaults
- steel construction
- Tuscan order: simplified version of Doric Order. Base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain entablature
- Composite order: combines prominent volutes of Ionic with acanthus of Corinthian
- barrel vault
- tunnel vault
- wagon vault with intersecting vault
- cross vault
- hemispherical dome
- cupola
- Opus Quadratum: rectangular blocks, with or without mortar joints
- Opus Incertum: small stones, loose pattern resembling polygonal walling
- circular temple
- Opus Reticulatum: net-like effect with fine joints running diagonally
- Opus Quasi-Reticulatum
- Opus Testaceum: brick facing
- Opus Mixtum: alternation of brickwork and small squared stone blocks
- Pantheon
- preservation
- Roman buildings
- FORUMS: Corresponds to the Greek Agora; central open space usually surrounded by public building and colonnades
- BASILICAS: large public hall where law- suits were heard; hall of justice; commercial exchange
- THERMAE: Roman public baths, containing large halls, with water at various temperatures and many other amenities such as libraries, and sports arenas
- main building
- open space
- outer ring of apartments
- central hall
- symmetrically arranged rooms
- tepidarium: warm room
- frigidarium: cold water swimming bath
- laconicum
- sudatorium: dry aweating room
- apodyteria: dressing room
- unctuaria: oils room
- theaters: Greek–type adapted to suit Roman drama; Semicircular in plan and consisted of a tall stage building abutting a semicircular orchestra and tiered seating area (cavea).
- amphitheaters: (literally double– theaters) elliptical or circular space surrounded by rising tiers of seats used for gladiatorial and animal contests
- circus: for horse and chariot racing (from hippodrome)
- triumphal arches: monumental arch built to celebrate victorious campaigns; erected to emperors and generals
- domus – private house
- villa – country house
- insula – apartment block
- Republican house
- entrance corridor (fauces)
- main room (atrium): open to the sky with a central basin for the collection of rainwater
- cubicula: small bedrooms
- office area (tablinum)
- dining room (triclinium)
- kitchen (culina)
- small garden (hortus)
- aqueducts: artificial channel for carrying water, usually an elevated masonry or brick structure
- town gateways
- memorial column
- palaces
- fountains
- Early Christian architecture
- Roman Empire
- Christianity
- Roman ruins
- Roman art
- Roman architecture
- Early Christian Basilica: Rectangular building with an apse for the altar at one end.
- martyrium
- baptistery
- mausoleum
- Roman temples
- timber roof
- king post trusses
- queen post trusses
- vaulted
- domed
- Roman construction methods
- architectural abstraction
- ideal Christian
- interior space
- exterior
- basilican churches
- ancient Roman basilicas: erected over the burial place of the saint to whom it was dedicated
- atrium: open colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica
- narthex: a porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave
- nave: part of the church between the chief entrance and the choir, demarcated from aisles, by piers and columns
- ambulatory: a passageway around the apse of a church, or for circumambulating a shrine
- apse: a vaulted semi-circular or polygonal termination, usually to a chancel or chapel
- bema: raised stage for the clergy at the east end
- aisle: part of the church, parallel to, and divided by piers or columns from, the nave, choir or transept
- choir: part of the church where the choir sits; normally the west part of the chancel (loosely applied to mean as chancel)
- chancel: that part of the east end of a church in which the main altar is placed; reserved for clergy and choir
- ambo: where the Gospel and epistle was read
- transept: part of a cruciform church whose axis crosses at right angles the axis running from the chief entrance through the nave to the apse
- St. Clemente
- St. Maria Maggiore
- St. Apollinare
- St. Agnese Fuori Le Mura
- Constantine
- St. Peter
- martyrdom
- St. Costanza
- belfry
- campanile: a bell tower, either attached to a church or standing alone
- baptistery
- baptisteries: a separate building or part of a church in which the Sacrament of Baptism is administered during Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany; with the advent of infant baptism, it was replaced by the Font
- tombs: burial up to the end of the 4th century took place in the Catacombs outside Rome; Christians objected to cremation and insisted burial on consecrated ground
- cruciform plan
- sarcophagi
- arms of the cross
- Byzantine architecture
- Byzantium: Greek colony since 660 B.C.; Constantine, a converted Christian transferred the empire from Rome to Byzantium in 330 A.D. Empire was divided: Rome as western capital and Byzantium (which later became Constantinople) as eastern capital (“new Rome”).
- Roman Empire
- church construction
- early Christian style
- domical Byzantine style
- Orthodox churches
- basilican plan
- domed
- centralized plan
- Byzantine
- domical construction
- classical columnar style
- Roman Ionic
- Corinthian
- Composite style
- cubiform capital,
- square abacus
- circular shaft
- dosseret block
- deep abacus
- voussoirs
- arches
- thick walls
- simple dome
- compound dome
- stone bands
- decorative arches
- marble
- mosaic
- fresco
- centralized type of plan
- St. Sophia
- Hagia Sophia
- divine wisdom
- pendentives
- four supporting arches
- four main piers
- St. Vitale
- shrines
- strong shadow lines
- painted wall decorations
- bas-relief
- stambhas
- laths: monumental pillars standing free without any structural function
- circular shafts
- octagonal shafts
- stupas: shrine or domical mounds with rails, gateways, processional paths, crowning umbrella; regarded as symbols of the universe.
- chaityas: assembly hall
- viharas: Monasteries; quadrangle surrounded by veranda
- Jain architecture
- Early Jain: Early rock-cut caves, Exact stone copies of wood or thatch structures
- Late Jain: 1000 to 1700 A.D. Temples in central India Central shrine with a dome or sphere cover. Lighter and more elegant than Hindu temples; careful site selection; temple cities on sacred mountains.
- Hindu architecture
- unit shrine
- garbha-gira
- sikhara roof: a Sanskrit word translating literally to “mountain peak”, refers to the rising tower in the Hindu temple architecture of North India
- mandapa halls
- Filipino architecture
- citadel
- Christianity
- East Asia
- Roman Catholics
- Islam
- Protestants
- Aglipayan
- molave
- guijo
- yakal
- narra
- pine
- bamboo
- coconut palm
- cogon
- grass
- rattan
- nipa
- clay
- limestone
- adobe
- marble
- gypsum
- granite
- coral stone
- caves
- cave
- paga: sleeping board
- hearth
- lean-to
- wind shield
- one sided lean-to
- single–pitched roof with rafter support
- tree-house
- high trees (6-18 m.)
- high stumps (4.5 – 6 m.)
- rattan
- murals
- Spanish Baroque style
- restored
- steel building
- Zaguan – for caroza
- Quadra – horse stable
- Bodega – store room
- Caida – ante–sala from stairs
- Sala – living room
- Comedor – dining room
- Dispensa – pantry
- Letrina or comun – toilet
- Baño – bath
- Azotea – open terrace
- Aljibe – water cistern
- Cuarto, alcoba – dormitorio
- Entresuelo – vault
- Balcon – balcony
- Patio – courtyard
- Daniel Burnham
- City Beautiful Movement
- city plan
- registered architect
- elevator
- demolished
- streamline style
- skyscraper
- Art Deco
- Brise- Soleil
- sun breaker
- stock exchange
- restored
- sinking bell tower
- bell tower
- Spanish Baroque style
- abang – dowel
- alahado – flush
- alero – eaves
- alulod o kanal – gutter
- andanyo – scaffolding
- asinta – laying of CHB
- asolehos – wainscoating tiles
- bagad – wall post
- balangkas – framework
- baral de kadena – chain bolt
- barandillas – baluster
- batidura – astragal
batidura – fillet - baytang – tread
- biento – spacing
- biga – beam
- bisagra –hinge
- bolado – projection
- caida – hall
- canal – groove
- de bandeha – panel door
- dish rack – bangguerahan
- dos aguas – gable roof
- dotal – floorboards
- dulang – low table
- dutcha – shower
- escombro – earth fill
- escondro – crushed stone
- estanyo – Nikolite bar
- estanyo – soldering bar
- estopa – oakum
- guililan – floor sill
- hamba pintuan – door jamb
- haspe – wood grain
- hiero – iron
- hulog – plumb bob
- kaballete – ridge roll
- kabilya – reinforcing bars
- kalinya –aligned
- kantero – mason
- kanto mesa – miter
- kanto – corner
- kapatas – foreman
- kilo – truss
- kisame – ceiling
- kontratista – constructor
- kostilyahe – ceiling joists
- kostura – mortar joints
- krokis – sketch plan
- kuling – girder
- ladrillo – brick
- larga masa – concrete slab
- lastillas – sand & gravel
- latero – tinsmith
- lingueta – GI strap
- liyabe – anchor
- madre de escalera – closed stringer
- masilya – putty
- media cana – quarter round
- medya agua – awning
- palitada, plaster
- pasamano – window sill
- paupo – mortar
- pendulum – king post
- pergola – trellis
- pie de Gallo – brace
- pilarete – vertical stud
- pitsa – washer
- piye – feet
- piyon – laborer
- plantsuela – wrought iron strap
- poleya – wiring knob
- poste – column
- prigadero – sink
- pulgada – inches
- rebokada – scratch coat
- reostra – purlins
- rimatse – rivets
- rodapis – baseboard
- senepa – fascia board
- sepo – girt
- sibe – lean-to–roof
- sinturon – collar
- soleras – floor joists
- staka – stake
- suelo – flooring
- sombrero pintuan – door head
- tabike – exterior siding
- tabla – wood plank
- takip silipan – riser
- tambak – fill
- tapon –plug
- tirante – bottom chord
- trabe anzo – horizontal stud
- trankilya – barrel bolt
- tuerka – nut
- tubo de banada – downspout
- unosinotra – alternate/staggered
- vaciada – rabbet
Source Citation
“History of Architecture.” Far Eastern University. 2025.