- architectural sociology
- architectural community
- architecture
- archaeology
- ancient architecture
- modern architecture
- built form
- human behaviour
- lifestyles
- ideologies
- Space Syntax theories
- theory of visibility
- civilisations
- space syntax
- symbolism
- town planning
- vastu shastra
- archaeological data
- urban stabilizing and conserving
- built structures
- domestic settings
- built environment: the way humans create their surroundings and create structures
- private spaces
- culture
- architect-archaeologist
- technology
- human psychology
- material
- construction techniques
- design
- restoration
- transformation
- modern scape
- ancient city
- contemporary city
- time frames
- contemporary world
- environment
- social structure
- religious conceptions
- lifestyle ideologies
- building
- settlement patterns
- organization of societies
- construction techniques
- transformation of landscape
- topography
- ancient theories
- modern development
- civil evolution
- rate of development
- past of the place
- social settlements
- planning
- conservation of heritage buildings
- sense of identity
- continuity
- arkhaios: ancient
- logia: study
- arkhaiologia: ancient history
- Italian Renaissance
- humanist historian
- study the ruins
- ancient Rome
- Hinduism
- Hindu ethics: to eliminate mental impurities, greed, egoism and works for social welfare.
- social structure
- religious concepts
- Indian caste system: the society is divided into four groups based by their actions and virtues.
- self-denial
- cardinal virtues
- Vedas: the four castes are described by the body parts of a cosmic person; Vastu Purusha Mandala. The head, the arms, the stomach and the feet describes the positions in planning.
- Bhagavad Geeta
- architectural ideologies: Vastu Shashtra
- site location
- direction
- disposition
- human being
- Vastu Shastra
- Atharva Veda
- Sthapatya Veda
- ancient science
- Vastu Shastra: is an art of arranging a setting whereby one can optimize maximum benefits of the Panchbhutas (five elements) of nature, earth’s magnetic field and the rotational influence of the sun, moon and the other planets surrounding the earth. There are five basic principles are: 1. The doctrine of orientation(Disha) 2. Site planning (Vastu purusha mandala) 3. The proportionate measurement of building (Maan) 4. The Six Canons of Vedic Architecture (Aayaadi- Sadvarga) Base (Aadhistaana), column (Paada or Stambha), entablature (Prastaara), ear or wings (Karna), roof (Shikara) and dome (Stupi). 5. The Aesthetics of the Building 6. Plotting of residence
- caste
- Brahmin
- Kshatriya
- Vaishya
- Shudra
- land slope
- North East
- South West
- Feature
- Wisdom
- Power
- Wealth
- Toil
- Site Shape
- Square
- Rectangle
- Planet
- Jupiter
- Mars
- Venus
- Saturn
- Soil Colour
- White Soil
- Red Soil
- Yellow Soil
- Black Soil
- Soil Taste
- Sweet Soil
- Bitter Soil
- Sour soil
- Pungent soil
- Site
- town planning
- civil architecture
- climate
- soil
- natural resources
- shape of town: There are five shapes; Chandura (square), Agatara (rectangle), Vrita (circle), Kritta Vrita (ellipse) and Gola Vrita (full circle). A site resembling a Vajra-suci or a diamond (octagonal) is considered inauspicious and a site part resembling a bow is considered prosperous. The Agri-purana recommends a semi-lunar shape of the town.
- site selection: The text from Manasara says that a city is recognized by its smell, taste, shape, touch and direction. The streets and road planning should be interlinked and the land should be developed near a water resource. After all, water is the basic necessity of civilization to exist.
- barren land: jangala, where wind is hotter and soil is black.
- anupama: fresh, humid and cool
- sadharana: average quality land
- site planning: After the site selection, on an auspicious day the site ploughed with two oxen having white spots on their heads and knees. Next, the cardinal directions are determined with a gnome and the vastu-purusha-mandala is fixed on the site according to the need of residential or temple construction.
- vastu purusha mandals
- dimensions of the site
- road patterns and avenues
- planted
- shady trees
- Mahakal
- Vamana
- Purusha Mandala
- padas: land parcels
- Brahmasthana: the temple is fit into it.
- padas: The different classes of societies are put into.
- cosmic cross: used to pinpoint the principal roads along East- West and North-South directions. The eastern roads get purified by sun rays during day time and northern streets ventilate with cool breeze.
- geometric patterns
- physical environment
- symbol
- socio-cultural phenomenon
- architectural sociology
- archaeological sociology
- forms: denote the identity that is known to works for ages. For example, a home is designed according to one’s cultural belief and lifestyle.
- Majlees: (sitting room)
- Al-madkhal: (doorstep)
- Atajmeel: (decoration)
- sutra: (privacy)
- engineer
- bridge
- types of symbolism: 1) Religious symbolism. Eg, temple and mosque 2) Belief symbolism. Eg, residential planning 3) Function symbolism. Eg, court and lighthouse 4) Memorial symbolism. Eg, tomb and pillars.
- architecture modernism
- ancient Indian architecture
- dissemination of modern forms
- western rationality
- national authenticity
- indigenous elements
- climate and indigenous elements
- technology
- science
- slab range and vault solutions
- hot climate house
- national style
- Hindu purity
- network of streets
- courts
- squares
- dormitories
- prevailing breezes
- interiors
- avoid direct glares
- brick columns
- shadow work
- archaic
- Sangath: a derelict placement of built forms without disturbing the naturally made environment.
- ancient and modern from
- building as an artifact: Taking example of a house, it can be analyzed through its typology, pattern, sequence and details of décor. Stratigraphic analysis organizes the stages of building into chronological manner (Villa, Rotea and Borrazas 2003:7). Geographic determinism analyses on the basis of material used, landscape and climate (Villa, Rotea and Borrazas 2003:2).
- semiotis: the study of non-verbal symbols that give out social significance of status or power by its outer appearances (Hiller and Hanson1984:8).
- activities area
- who used the space for what purpose at what time
- economy
- gender
- class segregation
- ethics
- spatial analysis
- Ethno archaeology
- space confinement methods
- study of boundaries
- screens
- curtains
- social rules
- psychology of an architect
- status
- social interaction
- privacy
- function and cultural practices
- psychology of space
- fixed: walls, doorways and windows
- semi-fixed: movable furniture
- non-fixed: curtains and screens)
- standardized weighing system
- standard proportions in architecture
- pyrotechnologies
- writing system
- network of urban water and drainage management
- anthropological theories
- spatiality
- social interaction
- identity
- trade context
- endogamous social strata: ruled and rulers.
- Upper Town: The Upper Town also known as Citadel is a small westernmost elevated architecturally complex mound with a simple amalgam of uniform architecture and plausible civics. The monument there depicts the political and complex working. There were no open spaces and every corner was an enclosed area restricted only to street intersections only.
- Lower Town: an extensively eastern and shorter mound where domestic architecture could be seen. There were more unbounded open spaces to enhance community interactions. The buildings had sharing walls and were in clusters. The clusters were separated by broad avenues and staggered lanes. The city was interconnected by well, drains and sewers.
- The yellow model shows that a north placed courtyard indirectly accessible from the street. Two in-grid planned rooms on the west and kitchen is in the south.
- courtyard
- large room
- south side
- boundary wall
- neighboring building
- convoluted spatial planning
- surface area
- single row of houses
- corbelled arch doorways
- wide external doorways
- opposing stairways
- internal buttresses
- column capitals
- thick walls
- niche recesses
- vertical chases
- double stairways
- building fabric
- gypsum mortar
- ornamental brickwork
- ceramic nodules
- internal wells
- square copings
- oval copings
- entrance galleries
- capital bases
- framing corridors
- long and narrow passages
- articulated rooms
- city walls
- great walls
- gateways
- streets
- city
- granaries
- great bath
- religious practice
- peaceful trade
- sector
- CIAM: (Congress Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne).
- human body
- Capitol
- head
- heart
- city center
- lungs
- city greenscapes
- intellect
- institutions
- circulatory system
- road networks
- industrial area
- vehicular entry
- walking distance sketch
- busy roads
- arterial roads
- roads around the sectors
- streaming shopping streets
- sector circulation roads
- access roads: to houses
- footpaths
- cycle tracks
- buses
- arboriculture
- plantation
- Capitol Complex
- elevated mound
- walking distance
- amenity
- schools
- shops
- low-rise development
- Indus valley civilization
- planning strategies
- street network
- water and drain management
- planning
- grid plan
- rectangular regular plans
- grid like street networks
- fast traffic movement
- granaries
- air ducts
- road networks
- epicenters
- theory of space syntax
- symmetrical
- uniformly distributed planning
- planning
- space planning with depth
- symmetric and uniform distribution
- gamma maps
- space distribution
- space syntax
- theory of visibility: the opening and places were defined to show hindrance for privacy and visibility for public places.
- asymmetry
- interaction spaces
- public spaces
- private spaces.
- conservational architecture
- heritage
- conservation: is looking after a place connected to heritage or important person to retain its value and save its knowledge for future generations. In India, the first conservation was when emperor Ashoka conserved in wildlife. In 14th Century AD Firoz Shah Tughlaq conserved many ancient buildings.
- Archaeological Survey of India: (ASI) was founded in 1861 and has legal provision to protect the historical structure all over India.
- domestic settings
- day to day lives
- common citizens
- symbolism
- master planning
- ancient knowledge
- future development
- changes in society
- science
- knowledge
- architecture and archaeology
- architectural form
- architectural function
- Bronze Age
- Mesopotamia
- sacred buildings
- Contemporary Architecture
Source Citation
Pakhale, Karishma 1, Soma A. Mishra 2, Shruti Soni 3
1,3Student, Department of Architecture, SDPS Women’s College, Indore, India
2Principal & Professor, Department of Architecture, SDPS Women’s College, Indore, India. “Architecture in Archaeology.” International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management. Volume-2, Issue-10, October-2019.