- buttress form
- transverse seismic resistance
- high masonry walls
- historical masonry structures
- vault
- dome
- high walls
- gravity
- wind
- earthquake
- buttresses
- study
- buttress form
- transverse seismic resistance
- high masonry walls
- historical masonry structure
- barrel vault
- regular plan
- elevation shape
- structure
- calculation model
- basic model
- masonry
- macro-modelling approach
- nonlinear static analysis method
- element modeling
- calculations
- Abaqus program
- buttress depth
- transverse seismic resistance
- resistance
- buttress depth
- mounting
- volumes of the buttresses
- base depths
- thicknesses
- base shear forces
- curvilinear concave buttresses
- semi-cylindrical buttresses
- seismic resistance
- historic masonry structures
- high walls
- buttress form
- transverse seismic resistance
- nonlinear static analyis
- Abaqus
- building type historical masonry structures: vaults, domes, arches, piers, pillars, walls, buttresses and foundations.
- buttresses: are crucial elements to support the walls against the thrust forces transmitted from the vaults, domes and arches. The buttresses are also necessary to provide adequate safety to the structures against wind and earthquake forces.
- mosques
- cathedrals
- castles
- caravanserais
- missions
- buttresses
- ancient builders
- buttresses
- historical building design rules
- buttress design
- buttress form
- transverse: perpendicular to longitudinal direction
- historical structures
- masonry buttresses
- historical masonry structure
- buttress types
- historic masonry structures
- maintenance
- restoration
- strengthening
- wisdom
- deep foresight
- experience
- structural behavior
- Mesopotamia
- buttress: a projection built up against a wall or a structure to form additional strength or furnish support (Smith, 1880).
- building type structures
- castles
- dams
- bridges
- retaining walls
- Hagia Sophia
- İstanbul
- Ottoman
- walls
- outer face of the wall
- buttresses perpendicular to the walls
- corners of intersecting walls
- building owners
- aesthetics
- construction simplicity
- height of construction
- tradition
- climate conditions
- seismicity
- wind effect
- rectangular
- trapezoidal
- triangular profile shape
- stepped rectangular buttresses
- combined buttresses
- rectangle buttresses
- trapezoid buttresses
- rectangle and triangle buttresses
- curvilinear buttresses
- parabolic buttresses
- semi-cylindrical buttresses
- half-conic buttresses
- lobed buttresses
- triangular prism buttresses
- triangular pyramid buttresses
- tetrahedron buttresses
- hollow cyclindrical buttresses
- hollow triangular prism shaped buttresses
- flying buttress
- historical architecture
- historical masonry architecture
- masonry buttresses
- sizing of masonry buttresses
- behaviour of masonry buttresses
- capacity of masonry buttresses
- collapse of masonry buttresses
- Gothic architecture
- flying buttress
- pinnacle
- external buttress
- Gothic cathedral
- construction and behavior of Gothic cathedrals
- graphic static analysis
- classical buttresses
- flying buttresses
- mechanization of structural design
- master masons’ formulas
- safe dimensioning of buttresses
- structural elements of Gothic cathedrals
- photoelastic modeling
- structural mechanics
- ornate pinnacles
- sizing rules of buttresses
- medieval
- Renaissance era
- structure
- stone skeleton
- collapse of masonry buttresses
- concentrated lateral loads
- fracture
- collapse state
- overturning resistance of buttress
- resist lateral loads
- sliding
- finite compressive strength
- leaning
- collapse condition of rectangular masonry buttresses
- concentrated inclined load
- church builders
- structural rules
- building treatises
- safety of masonry buttresses
- buttress design
- buttress form
- stability against overturning
- fracturing
- overturning
- sliding
- collapse analyses of trapezoidal buttresses
- collapse analyses of stepped masonry buttresses
- rectangular masonry buttresses
- concentrated oblique force
- lateral inertial loading
- earthquake ground motion
- static analysis procedure
- uniform and an inverted triangular load distribution
- Iranian architecture
- archaeological sites
- prehistoric
- historical periods
- position
- form
- material
- technical function
- ornamentation
- structural importance of buttresses
- limit analysis
- distortion
- sliding movements
- stability
- thickness of vaults
- thickness of buttresses
- parametric
- numerical calculation model
- static analysis procedure
- out-of-plane seismic resistance
- construction stage
- long-term deformations
- classical wall buttresses
- flying buttresses
- static oblique force
- vaults
- domes
- arches
- oblique force
- earthquake forces
- earthquake behavior
- resistance of historic masonry structures
- earthquake resistance
- transverse seismic resistance of masonry walls
- buttress forms: such as rectangular, trapezoidal, stepped, combined, curvilinear or semi-cylindrical.
- transverse section shape
- masjid
- mosque
- arched barrel vault
- rectangular prismatic buttresses
- roof level
- sloping ground
- natural ground level
- out-to-out
- inner width
- east end
- west end
- length
- longitudinal direction
- transverse direction
- bay
- vault arches
- rectangular buttresses
- portal
- total height
- masjid portal
- outer face
- transverse section
- transverse elevation
- symmetrical
- transverse section
- thickness of the vault
- crown
- walls’ surface
- thicknesses of the arches
- vault
- transverse section
- portal
- regular plan shape
- simple transverse section
- slice
- wall portions
- center lines
- model of the structure
- model
- drawings are not to scale
- regular
- aspect ratio: height / transverse length ratio, without including the buttresses, is calculated as 6.75 m / (8.90 + 2 × 1.70) m @ 0.55
- elevation
- squat structure: which have aspect ratios less than 1. In a squat structure under horizontal loads collapse may occur with shearing (Makris and Alexakis, 2015).
- slender structure: those with aspect ratios greater than 1
- buttress form
- transverse seismic resistance
- squat masonry structures
- bending collapse
- height value of the buttresses
- height value of the walls
- strong axes
- slender
- calculation model
- buttress form: triangle, stepped, curvilinear etc.
- material properties of the structure
- modeling of masonry
- material model
- Isparta stone
- Horasan Mortar: This mortar had been used extensively in Byzantine, Seljuk and Ottoman structures.
- dressed stone
- roughly shaped stones
- portal
- door wall
- masjid
- arches of the vaults
- cut stone
- rubble stone
- fill materials
- in-situ testing
- mechanical properties
- caravanserai
- church
- fortress
- ruins
- Hellenistic
- Byzantine
- Seljuk
- in-situ tests
- laboratory tests
- physical properties of stone
- mechanical properties of stone
- thermal properties of stone
- physical properties of brick
- mechanical properties of brick
- thermal properties of brick
- mortar materials
- unit weight
- dynamic modulus of elasticity
- compressive strength
- modelling of masonry
- static loadings
- dynamic loadings
- micro-modelling
- two–material approach
- macro-modelling
- homogenized/equivalent- material approach
- geometry
- homogeneous continuum
- discretized
- element mesh
- wall texture
- modelling approach
- accuracy
- simplicity
- texture
- regular joints
- irregular texture
- homogeneity
- isotropy
- compressive strength
- elastic modulus of the masonry
- earthquake resistant design
- compressive strength of the masonry
- elastic modulus
- tensile strength
- modulus of elasticity
- unit weight
- volume fractions
- unit volume weight of masonry
- stress–strain
- plain concrete
- brittle
- compression
- tension
- Poisson’s ratio
- nonlinear material behavior
- nonlinear geometry changes
- concrete damaged plasticity
- modeling of concrete
- quasi-brittle materials
- damage parameter
- degradation
- dilation angle
- ratio of initial equibiaxial to initial uniaxial compressive strength fb0/fc0
- eccentricity
- viscosity parameter
- damaged plasticity
- dilation angle
- rectangular
- triangular
- trapezoidal
- two–stepped
- three-stepped
- concave curvilinear
- convex curvilinear
- semi-cylindrical
- triangular prism
- truncated half-conic
- trapezoidal buttress with varying thickness
- depth
- thickness
- height of the wall
- thickness of the wall
- base depth
- top depth
- two–stepped buttress
- depth of the rectangular buttress
- depth of the triangular buttress
- base depth of the trapezoidal buttress
- depth of the upper part of three-stepped buttress
- depth of the intermediate part of the three-stepped buttress
- depth of the lower part of the three-stepped buttress
- base depth of the first type combined buttress
- base depth of the second type combined buttress
- depth of the upper part of the second type combined buttress
- base depth of the third type combined buttress
- depth of the intermediate part of the third type combined buttress
- base depth of the curvilinear concave buttress
- base depth of the curvilinear convex buttress
- depth (radius) of the semi-cylindrical buttress
- depth of the triangular prism buttress
- base depth (radius) of the truncated half-conic buttress
- top depth (radius) of the truncated half-conic buttress
- base depth of the trapezoidal buttress with varying thickness
- top depth of the trapezoidal buttress with varying thickness
- height of the upper part of the two–stepped buttress
- height of the lower part of the two–stepped buttress
- height of the upper part of the three-stepped buttress
- height of the intermediate part of the three-stepped buttress
- height of the lower part of the three-stepped buttress
- height of the upper part of the first type combined buttress
- height of the lower part of the first type combined buttress
- height of the upper part of the second type combined buttress
- base thickness of the trapezoidal buttress with varying thickness
- thickness of the triangular prism buttress
- top thickness of the trapezoidal buttress with varying thickness
- slope of the trapezoidal buttress
- nonlinear static analysis
- pushover analysis
- seismic resistance
- brittle failure
- seismic loads
- time history analysis method
- quasi-static method
- seismic assessment
- maximum lateral resisting capacity
- failure mechanism
- unidirectional horizontal ground motion
- ground motions
- resonant amplification
- horizontal forces
- distribution pattern
- height of the structure to
- earthquake
- magnitudes of the forces
- top of the structure
- dynamic resonance effects
- base shear force
- control node displacement
- calculation procedure
- the effect of form on resistance
- maximum lateral resisting capacity
- unidirectional horizontal ground motion
- triangular buttresses
- uniform gravitational field
- horizontal direction
- nodal forces
- point-wise spatial distribution of mass
- nonlinear static analyses
- mass proportional loading functions
- load capacity values
- increasing lateral forces
- small time intervals
- scalar parameter
- load variation
- nonlinearity
- increasing lateral forces
- unidirectional horizontal earthquake ground motion
- base shear force
- lateral displacement
- control node
- base shear force
- horizontal reaction forces
- nodes on the base section
- middle node on the ridge of the vault
- maximum seismic coefficient
- transverse seismic force :
- base shear force
- two opposite walls
- element mesh
- 8-node linear brick
- solid element
- mesh sizes
- coarse
- nonlinear static analysis
- kinetic energy
- inertia effects
- bottom cross-sections of the models
- degrees freedom of all nodes
- buttress depth: is one of the basic parameters for the seismic resistance of a building–type masonry structure.
- seismic capacity
- buttress depth
- depth of a buttress
- moment of inertia
- bending axis
- cross-sections
- stiffness contribution to the wall
- base shear force
- node displacement
- curvilinear buttresses
- second degree parabola function
- concave parabola curve
- tangent
- volume
- radius
- semi-cylindrical buttress
- triangular prism buttress
- equilateral triangle
- truncated half-conical buttress
- bottom depth
- top depth
- rectangular buttress
- buttress slope
- oblique
- stepped rectangular buttresses
- European historical architecture
- combined buttresses
- parabola shaped buttress
- curvilinear concave buttress
- curvilinear concave buttresses
- trapezoidal buttress of variable thickness
- half-conic buttress
- capacity curve
- trapezoidal buttresses with varying thickness
- horizontal load
- high slope zone
- lateral stiffness
- stiffness
- climbing zone
- maximum base shear force
- maximum seismic coefficient
- bottom depths of buttresses
- thicknesses of buttresses
- base area of the buttresses
- semi-cylindrical buttresses
- truncated half-conic buttresses
- volumes of the buttresses
- capacity curves
- triangular prism buttress
- seismic coefficients
- three-stepped buttress
- triangular prism buttress
- curvilinear concave buttress
- buttress form
- maximum base shear force
- maxium siesmic coefficient
- Rectangular buttress
- Triangular buttress
- Trapezoidal buttress
- Two-stepped buttress
- Three-stepped buttress
- Curved concave buttress
- Curved convex buttress
- Semi-cylindrical buttress
- Triangular prismatic buttress
- Truncated half-conic buttress
- Trapezoidal buttress with varying thickness
- lateral seismic resistance
- structures supported by buttresses
- equal base depths
- semi-circular buttress
- highest seismic resistance
- volume
- analysis method
- nonlinear static analysis method
- buttress depth: is an important parameter on the transverse seismic resistance of high masonry walls, and thus building–type masonry structures. In rectangular buttressed structures, the maximum seismic capacity of the structure is almost linearly related to the buttress depth.
- different buttress forms
- salient
- seismic resistance of the structure
- curvilinear concave buttress
- semicircular buttress
- trapezoidal buttress
- stepped buttress
- triangular buttress
- equal-volume buttresses
- structural significance of the buttress
- Ottoman mosques
- Gothic cathedrals
- seismic behavior
- resistance
- squat historic masonry structures
- buttresses
- special mathematical curve
- tower-like buttresses
- box cross–section
- buttresses stepped in two directions
- tension ropes
- optimum buttress forms
- Abaqus
- masonry structures
- thickness of vaults
- thickness of buttresses
- Mexican Colonial Temples
- structural study
- stepped form
- trapezoidal form
- seismic assessment strategies
- pushover analysis methods
- nonlinear dynamic analysis
- earthquake engineering
- Ottoman architecture
- structural bases
- Mexican Convent Churches
- architectural heritage
- case study
- structural engineering
- bending and axial load
- reinforced concrete members
- seismic appraisal
- heritage ruins
- out-of-plane seismic resistance
- high masonry walls
- rectangular buttresses
- structural analysis
- Gothic Cathedral
- typology
- historical
- Iranian architecture
- art
- architecture
- urban studies
- thermal conductivity
- brick materials
- historical buildings
- limit equilibrium analysis
- masonry buttresses
- masonry towers
- lateral loads
- gravity loads
- Gothic structure
- tension-stiffening model
- planar reinforced concrete members
- structural engineering
- Gothic Architecture
- New York
- collapse of masonry buttresses
- failure of rectangular masonry buttresses
- concentrated loading
- continuum FE models
- structural formulae
- Gothic
- Renaissance
- Greece
- Mycenae
- Parthenon
- earthquake-resistant design
- non-linear dynamic analysis
- static analyses
- historical masonry towers
Source Citation
Gürel, M. Arif, Rabia İzol, Cagri Mollamahmutoglu, and Recep Kadir Pekgökgöz. Effect of buttress form on transverse seismic resistance of high masonry walls. February 2021.